With this came excitement, leading many to believe that replicating the human brain in hardware and software was within reach. Researchers like Marvin Minsky were so optimistic that by 1967, Minsky predicted AI’s core challenges would be solved within a generation. But as time passed, doubt crept in, and by the mid-2000s, the idea of human-level AI seemed nearly forgotten.

In 2005, everything changed. Deep learning, inspired by brain science emerged and transformed the field and paved the way for many of the innovations witnessed today.